Ansible – Enable logging

By default, Ansible logs the output of playbooks to the standard output only. In order to enable logging to a file for later review or auditing, it can be turned on by setting log_path to a path location where Ansible has a write access.

In my case, i have added the “log_path” setting in the ansible configuration file “/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg” –

# grep log_path /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
log_path = /var/log/ansible.log

Now I can view the log file to all the details on ansible runs –

root@linubuvma:/etc/ansible# ansible-playbook tasks/groupby.yml --check
PLAY [all:!swarm:!docker1] ****************************************************

TASK: [group_by key=os_{{ ansible_os_family }}] *******************************
changed: [ns2]
.....

root@linubuvma:/etc/ansible# ls -al /var/log/ansible.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4255 May 16 21:21 /var/log/ansible.log
root@linubuvma:/etc/ansible# head  /var/log/ansible.log
2015-05-16 21:21:43,732 p=22946 u=root |
2015-05-16 21:21:43,732 p=22946 u=root |  /usr/local/bin/ansible-playbook tasks/groupby.yml --check
2015-05-16 21:21:43,732 p=22946 u=root |
2015-05-16 21:21:43,734 p=22946 u=root |  ERROR: the playbook: tasks/groupby.yml could not be found
2015-05-16 21:21:48,575 p=22954 u=root |
2015-05-16 21:21:48,576 p=22954 u=root |  /usr/local/bin/ansible-playbook tasks/groupby.yml --check
2015-05-16 21:21:48,576 p=22954 u=root |
2015-05-16 21:21:48,594 p=22954 u=root |  PLAY [all:!swarm:!docker1] ****************************************************
2015-05-16 21:21:48,609 p=22954 u=root |  TASK: [group_by key=os_{{ ansible_os_family }}] *******************************
2015-05-16 21:21:48,641 p=22954 u=root |  changed: [ns2]

It logs dry-runs (–check) as well and it is smart enough not to log Password arguments.

References –

http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/intro_configuration.html#log-path

Protect open Internet for all.

On Wednesday Nov 22nd 2017, the FCC has published a new proposal to undo the existing net neutrality rules meant to prevent ISPs from creating a multi-tiered Internet, where they can freely charge extra fees for faster access to some websites. This new proposal if passed, will basically make the cable companies the gate keepers. They will be able to pick and choose winners and losers, whoever pays them a big check will have their content delivered faster to users, while small businesses and individuals will have a big barrier erected against them to enter the market and deliver innovative products to the public.

This is against the philosophy which created the Internet in the first place, an open and innovative Internet, which provides a level playing field for all.

Act now, say no to the new proposal –

Do not repeal net neutrality

Battle for the net

References –
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/22/business/net-neutrality-small-businesses.html
https://www.fcc.gov/restoring-internet-freedom
https://www.fcc.gov/document/proposal-restore-internet-freedom

How to terminate or cancel an unresponsive ssh session.

While connected to a remote host through an ssh connection using Putty or other ssh clients, your client might freeze and not respond to any keyboard activity. In order to force an exit, there is a “secret” keyboard shortcut – Enter~. [ Enter followed by ~ followed by .(dot) ]

[daniel@kauai ~]$ ssh daniel@linuxfreelancer.com

Hostname..........: svm1010.xenvps-server.net
Uptime............: 21:25:34 up 14654 days, 15:00,  2 users,  load average: 0.09, 0.19, 0.17
Server IP.........: 173.230.241.181
Operating System..: Ubuntu 10.04.4 LTS
Username..........: daniel

daniel@svm1010:~$ uname
Linux

***Press*** Enter~.  {Enter key, followed by '~', followed by '.'}

daniel@svm1010:~$ Connection to linuxfreelancer.com closed.

[daniel@kauai ~]$ 

After you press the Enter~. the connection will be aborted and your session will return to the connection originating client shell.

Alternatively, you can background the ssh session with Enter~Ctrl+Z and then foreground it with fg command.

References –

https://serverfault.com/questions/283129/why-do-consoles-sometimes-hang-forever-when-ssh-connection-breaks

ipython tutorial and how to delete sensitive data from history

ipython is program which allows you to run python code in an interactive shell. Although Python itself when run from CLI opens an interactive shell as well, ipython is much more powerful and greatly improves your productivity. Some of the things you can do with ipython but not the default python shell is command or code and file name completion, view history, copy/paste a single or multiline code, nicely colored help with in the shell, run Linux commands such as ls or cat, scroll up/down to previous commands, automatically adds spaces after you press enter, etc.

Installation

pip install ipython

Quick demo
Start ipython by typing the

ipython

command in your CLI –

daniel@lindell:/tmp$ ipython
Python 2.7.12 (default, Nov 19 2016, 06:48:10) 
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

IPython 5.4.1 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
?         -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
%quickref -> Quick reference.
help      -> Python's own help system.
object?   -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details.

In [1]: print('ipython')
ipython

In [2]: 

With in the ipython interactive shell you can run any python code, let us walk through some examples –

  In [1]: x=2

In [2]: x
Out[2]: 2

In [3]: mylist=[1,2,3,4,5]

In [4]: [i**3 for i in mylist]
Out[4]: [1, 8, 27, 64, 125]

In [5]: with open('/etc/hosts') as fp:
   ...:     for line in fp:
   ...:         if 'localhost' in line:
   ...:             print line
   ...:             
127.0.0.1	localhost

::1     ip6-localhost ip6-loopback


In [6]: ls /opt/
ansible/  google/  vagrant/

In [7]: 

Go back to previously typed commands / History
With ipython, you can either press the UP arrow key or type

 history 

command to view history. ipython keeps session history as well as all input and output lines in a SQLite file which is located in

~/.ipython/profile_default/history.sqlite 

You can view and modify this file using

sqlite3

tool –

daniel@lindell:/tmp$ sqlite3 ~/.ipython/profile_default/history.sqlite
SQLite version 3.11.0 2016-02-15 17:29:24
Enter ".help" for usage hints.
sqlite> .schema
CREATE TABLE sessions (session integer
                        primary key autoincrement, start timestamp,
                        end timestamp, num_cmds integer, remark text);
CREATE TABLE history
                (session integer, line integer, source text, source_raw text,
                PRIMARY KEY (session, line));
CREATE TABLE output_history
                        (session integer, line integer, output text,
                        PRIMARY KEY (session, line));
sqlite> 

Deleting sensitive data from history
You can delete any line from history by using SQL. First use SELECT statement to find the line number and then use DELETE statement to delete it. In this example, we are deleting line number 10 from the history table –

sqlite> select * from history;
sqlite> .schema history
CREATE TABLE history
                (session integer, line integer, source text, source_raw text,
                PRIMARY KEY (session, line));
sqlite> delete from history where line=10;

References –
https://ipython.org/
http://www.sqlitetutorial.net/sqlite-delete/

Mount partition from a raw disk image

In this post, I will share how you can mount a raw disk image such as an image generated with dd. Raw disk image or RAW Image Format is a bit-for-bit copy of disk data, without any metadata information on files. In Linux, dd is a popular tool for data transfer by duplicating entire disk for instance. Let us create a disk image of a mount with an EXT3 file system –

[root@kauai src]# dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img 

7233761+0 records in
7233760+0 records out
3703685120 bytes (3.7 GB) copied, 236.166 s, 15.7 MB/s

[root@kauai src]# ls -alh disk.img 
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3.5G Jan 15 18:44 disk.img

We have copied a mount with multiple files into a single disk.img file which we can copy to another system. Now let us examine the raw disk layout, that we can use to mount as a file system –

[root@kauai src]# fdisk -lu disk.img 
You must set cylinders.
You can do this from the extra functions menu.

Disk disk.img: 0 MB, 0 bytes
124 heads, 62 sectors/track, 0 cylinders, total 0 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xdebbbd93

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
disk.img          630416      945623      157604   83  Linux

As we can see the raw disk has 512 byte size sectors and it starts at offset 630416, given this information we can use mount command to mount the disk image –

[root@kauai src]# mount -o loop,offset=$((630416*512)) disk.img /mnt/hdisk/
[root@kauai src]# ls -al /mnt/hdisk/
total 37
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root  1024 Jan 15 18:39 .
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root  4096 Nov 17 20:04 ..
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    15 Jan 15 18:39 file21
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    15 Jan 15 18:39 file22
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    15 Jan 15 18:39 file23
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    15 Jan 15 18:39 file24
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    15 Jan 15 18:39 file25
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    15 Jan 15 18:39 file26
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    15 Jan 15 18:39 file27
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    15 Jan 15 18:39 file28
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    15 Jan 15 18:39 file29
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    15 Jan 15 18:39 file30
drwx------. 2 root root 12288 Jan 15 18:37 lost+found

[root@kauai src]# cat /mnt/hdisk/file26 
File number 26

Here we were able to mount the disk image and be able to read the content of one of the text files.

References –

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dd_(Unix)

https://linux.die.net/man/8/mount

How to copy to a clipboard in Linux

Problem – You have a file with hundreds or thousands of lines and you want to copy the contents of this file and paste it to an external application, for instance to a browser.

Solution – The first attempt is to try to cat the file and scroll down with your mouse to select each line. This is time consuming or in some cases might not work if there are too many lines as some of the lines will ‘scroll out of the terminal’. One way of getting around this is to use “xclip” – a command line interface to X selections (clipboard).

In my case I wanted to copy the contents of ‘/tmp/ipaddresses.txt’ file to a browser for blogging. The file had 10000 lines. I used the following commands, first to install xclip and then to copy the file contents to a clipboard –

apt-get -y install xclip
xclip -sel cli < /tmp/ipaddresses.txt

The xclip command basically does a selection (-sel) from the file into the clipboard(-cli), where you can copy paste to any other external application.

Once you have the contents of the file in your clipboard, simply paste it, usually with Ctrl+v or Ctrl+Shift+v, to the intended application or file.

References –
https://linux.die.net/man/1/xclip

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5130968/how-can-i-copy-the-output-of-a-command-directly-into-my-clipboard